What is cavitation in hydraulic systems?

Cavitation in hydraulic systems refers specifically to the formation of vapor bubbles in the fluid. This phenomenon occurs when the pressure in a fluid drops below its vapor pressure, leading to the creation of small vapor-filled cavities or bubbles. These bubbles can collapse violently when they move into a region of higher pressure, producing shock waves that can cause significant damage to hydraulic components, such as pumps and valves. This destructive process can lead to pitting on metal surfaces, reduced efficiency, and ultimately, failure of hydraulic parts.

Understanding cavitation is crucial for maintaining the reliability and performance of hydraulic systems. It underscores the importance of properly designing systems to avoid conditions that lead to pressure drops, such as ensuring adequate fluid supply and preventing excessive flow rates. The other options provided do not accurately describe cavitation, focusing instead on aspects unrelated to this specific process.