What characterizes a closed center hydraulic system?

A closed center hydraulic system is characterized by its ability to divert all flow back to the tank when the actuators are not in use. In this type of system, the hydraulic fluid is continuously cycled through the system but is not directed to any actuator unless needed. This design helps maintain system efficiency, as it prevents unnecessary flow to the actuators, avoiding wasted energy and heat generation. When an actuator is required, the system allows fluid to flow toward it, while ensuring that flow is efficiently redirected back to the tank when idle, keeping the system in a ready state without expending power needlessly.

The other options do not accurately describe the functioning of a closed center hydraulic system. Continuous flow to the actuator at all times does not represent a closed center system; instead, that describes an open center system. Maintaining fluid levels constant regardless of usage isn’t a defining feature of the closed center system either, as fluid levels can fluctuate based on the system’s operation and design. Finally, while variable displacement pumps can be used in both open and closed center systems, the defining characteristic of flow management in a closed center system does not solely rely on this type of pump but rather on how the system directs flow.